peptides rodan and fields

The systemic response relating to cytokine expression after the applying of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) in a rat spinal fusion mannequin has lately been outlined, however the native response has not been outlined. Defining the native cytokine and development issue response on the fusion web site will assist clarify the roles of those molecules within the fusion course of, in addition to that of rhBMP-2. Our speculation is that the applying of rhBMP-2 to the fusion web site will alter the native ranges of cytokines and development elements all through the fusion course of, in a fashion that’s totally different from the systemic response, given the tissue-specific results of rhBMP-2. The aim of this examine was to guage the native cytokine and development issue response after the applying of rhBMP-2 in a rat spinal fusion mannequin.

This was a primary science animal mannequin examine. This examine was partially funded by a physician-sponsored grant from Medtronic. A complete of 135 Wistar rats (age eight weeks, weighing roughly 300-400 g) underwent L4-L5 posterolateral intertransverse fusion with demineralized bone graft (roughly 0.4-cm3 rat demineralized bone matrix [DBM] per aspect). Within the first group, 10 µg of rhBMP-2 on an allograft collagen sponge (ACS) was added to the fusion web site with roughly 0.4-cm3 rat DBM per aspect. Within the second group, 100 µg of rhBMP-2 on an ACS was added to the fusion web site with roughly 0.4-cm3 rat DBM per aspect, and the third experiment was the management group, which consisted of solely an ACS plus 0.4-cm3 DBM per aspect.

There have been 9 teams of 5 animals every per experiment. Every group was sacrificed at time factors as much as Four weeks (1, 6, 24, and 48 hours, and 4, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after surgical procedure). At sacrifice, the DBM, transverse processes, and any new bone fashioned had been harvested, instantly frozen in liquid nitrogen, and ready for protein extraction. ELISA was carried out to match the degrees of assorted cytokines (interleukin [IL]-1β, tumor necrosis issue alpha, IL-6, IL-1RA [IL-1 receptor antagonist], IL-4, and IL-10) and development elements (vascular endothelial development issue [VEGF], endothelia development issue [EGF], insulin-like development factor-1 [IGF-1], platelet derived development issue [PDGF], remodeling development issue beta [TGF-β]) which might be identified to be concerned within the fusion-fracture therapeutic course of. Fusion was evaluated on the rats sacrificed at 28 days by guide palpation and microcomputed tomography (microCT) by two

The expression of cytokines and development elements various all through the fusion course of at every time level. Within the teams handled with rh-BMP-2, IL-6 and IL-1RA had greater expression within the early time factors (1 and 6 hours). Tumor necrosis issue alpha demonstrated considerably decrease expression within the teams handled with rhBMP-2 at Days 1, 2, and 4. On the early time factors (1 and 6 hours), within the teams handled with rhBMP-2, all the development elements IGF-1, VEGF, platelet derived development issue AB (PDGF-AB), TGF-β had equal or decrease expression in contrast with controls.

At 24 hours, there was a peak in IGF-1, VEGF, and PDGF-AB. These development elements then declined, with IGF-1 and PDGF-AB having a second peak at Day 7. At Four weeks, all the rhBMP-2-treated animals fused primarily based on guide palpation and microCT. The management group had 4 of 5 rats fused primarily based on guide palpation and two of 5 rats primarily based on microCT.

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a pleiotropic immunosuppressive and immunostimulatory cytokine. In autoimmune diabetes of the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse, IL-10 has exhibited paradoxical results. Systemic IL-10 expression prevented or delayed diabetes onset in NOD mice whereas native expression of IL-10 didn’t. As antigen-presenting cells (APCs) play a central function within the era of major T cell responses, the direct function of this gene in pancreatic beta (β) cell isn’t clear. The results of IL-10 on the safety of β cells in vitro had been examined. Within the current examine, we examined the results of adenovirus vector-mediated murine IL-10 (mIL-10) gene switch to islet cell line RINm5F cells in vitro and to discover if IL-10 overexpression could forestall cytokine-mediated cytotoxicity.

We had established the recombinant adenovirus vector containing mIL-10 genes (Advert-mIL-10) efficiently. After an infection of Advert-mIL-10, each mRNA and protein had been expressed in RINm5F cells. Furthermore, RINm5F cells secreted IL-10 protein into tradition medium. Advert-mIL-10 prevented IL-1β-mediated nitric oxide manufacturing from β cells in vitro in addition to the suppression of β cells operate as decided by glucose-stimulated insulin manufacturing. Moreover, Advert-mIL-10 gene switch led to a profound discount of Fas-expressing β cells and caspase-Three exercise which had been induced by IL-1β and the apoptotic charges of Advert-mIL-10 group had been decreased. These findings present that IL-10 gene switch to β cells could also be useful in sustaining cells operate, defending islet cells from apoptosis-mediated by elements, which confirmed the potential remedy for sort 1 diabetes mellitus.

Aligned Nanofibers 96 Well Plate
3D00012-96	Neuromics	700 nm-PCLs	EUR 110

96 WELL PCR SEGMENTED PLATE
PCR-96-SG-C	CORNING	10/pk	EUR 145
Description: PCR Plates & Tubes; A354 PCR Plate-Axygen

96 Well Breast Tumor Genomic DNA Plate
D8235086-1	Biochain	1 plate	EUR 316

96 Well Colon Tumor Genomic DNA Plate
D8235090-1	Biochain	1 plate	EUR 316

96 Well Lung Tumor Genomic DNA Plate
D8235152-1	Biochain	1 plate	EUR 316

96 Well Stomach Tumor Genomic DNA Plate
D8235248-1	Biochain	1 plate	EUR 316

Polystyrene-bottomed 96-well plate (ELISA)
CT361	U-CyTech	6	EUR 73

Adapter for 96 well plate
3510147	Atto	1unit	EUR 5581

Black 96 Well Plate, 1EA
X025-1EA	Arbor Assays	1EA	EUR 73

Streptavidin coated 96-well Plate
6523-5	Biovision		EUR 327

96 well filter plate (960ul each well)
SD5006	Bio Basic	12UNIT	EUR 96.54

96 Well ExoELISA plate (12x8 well strips, pack of 10 plates)
EXOEL-96P-1	SBI	10 Plates	EUR 213

96-well Plasmid DNA Extraction Kit (1 plate)
FAPWE-96001	Favorgen	1 prep	EUR 146

96 WELL CLEAR PCR PLATE FOR ABI
PCR-96-AB-C	CORNING	10/pk	EUR 167
Description: PCR Plates & Tubes; A354 PCR Plate-Axygen

96 Well Human Adult Normal Genomic DNA Plate - Peripheral Blood Leukocyte
D8234148-1	Biochain	1 plate	EUR 256

1.2ML 96 WELL DEEP WELL PLATE HIGH CLARITY
P-DW-12-HC	CORNING	5/pk	EUR 152
Description: Deep Well/Assay Plates - Axygen; Deep-well plates - Axygen

96-Well Plate PCR Products Purification Kit
BS365	Bio Basic	5XPlates, 480prep	EUR 250.31

96-Well Plate PCR Products Purification Kit
BS3652	Bio Basic	2xPlates, 192prep	EUR 155.16

96-Well Plate DNA Cleanup Miniprep Kit
BS369	Bio Basic	5XPlates, 480prep	EUR 250.31

96-Well Plate DNA Cleanup Miniprep Kit
BS3692	Bio Basic	2xPlates, 192prep	EUR 155.16

96-Well Plate Plasmid DNA Miniprep Kit
BS415	Bio Basic	5XPlates, 480prep	EUR 250.31

96-Well Plate Plasmid DNA Miniprep Kit
BS4152	Bio Basic	2XPlates, 192prep	EUR 155.16

96-Well Plate Viral DNA Miniprep Kit
VT92032	Bio Basic	2XPlates, 192prep	EUR 413.22

96 well filter plate (no filter)
SD5006-EMPTY	Bio Basic	12UNIT	EUR 87.41

Clear Coated 96 Well Plate, 1EA
C107-1EA	Arbor Assays	1EA	EUR 189

OxiSelect 96-Well Comet Assay Kit
STA-355	Cell Biolabs	96 assays	EUR 427
Description: Our OxiSelect 96-Well Comet Assay Kits provide a higher-throughput way to screen for general DNA damage, regardless of the source or nature of the damage. Kits contain Comet Slides, reagents, and a fluorescent dye to visualize cells under an epifluorescence microscope.

OxiSelect 96-Well Comet Assay Kit
STA-355-5	Cell Biolabs	5 x 96 assays	EUR 1633
Description: Our OxiSelect 96-Well Comet Assay Kits provide a higher-throughput way to screen for general DNA damage, regardless of the source or nature of the damage. Kits contain Comet Slides, reagents, and a fluorescent dye to visualize cells under an epifluorescence microscope.

96-Well ROCK Activity Assay Kit
STA-416	Cell Biolabs	96 assays	EUR 856
Description: Rho-associated Kinase (ROCK) mediates Rho signaling and reorganizes the actin cytoskeleton by phosphorylation of several substrates that contribute to the assembly of actin filaments and contractility. ROCK inactivates myosin phosphatase through the specific phosphorylation of myosin phosphatase target subunit 1 (MYPT1) at Thr-696, which results in an increase in the phosphorylated content of the 20-kDa myosin light chain (MLC20). Our 96-Well ROCK Activity Assay Kit uses a safe, non-radioactive format to measure the level of active Rho Kinase in cell or tissue lysates. The kit contains a strip-well plate pre-coated with recombinant MYPT1.

96-Well ROCK Activity Assay Kit
STA-416-5	Cell Biolabs	5 x 96 assays	EUR 3524
Description: Rho-associated Kinase (ROCK) mediates Rho signaling and reorganizes the actin cytoskeleton by phosphorylation of several substrates that contribute to the assembly of actin filaments and contractility. ROCK inactivates myosin phosphatase through the specific phosphorylation of myosin phosphatase target subunit 1 (MYPT1) at Thr-696, which results in an increase in the phosphorylated content of the 20-kDa myosin light chain (MLC20). Our 96-Well ROCK Activity Assay Kit uses a safe, non-radioactive format to measure the level of active Rho Kinase in cell or tissue lysates. The kit contains a strip-well plate pre-coated with recombinant MYPT1.

96 WELL CLEAR PCR HALF SKIRT AMPLIFICATION PLATE
PCR-96-HS-C	CORNING	10/pk	EUR 159
Description: PCR Plates & Tubes; A354 PCR Plate-Axygen

96 WELL SITTING DROP HIGH THROUGHPUT CRYSTALLOGRAPHY PLATE.
CP-AXYGEM-96-50	CORNING	10/pk	EUR 457
Description: Crystallography Plates; Crystallography Plates - Axygen

96-well Plasmid ezFilter Mini Kit
K1325-96-1	Biovision		EUR 370

96 well DNA plate with membrane (960ul each well)
SD5007	Bio Basic	12UNIT	EUR 242.7

96 well RNA plate with membrane (960ul each well)
SD5009	Bio Basic	12UNIT	EUR 260.97

96 Well Plate RNA Cleanup and Concentration Kit
BRC1251	Bio Basic	2xPlates, 192prep	EUR 250.31

96-Well Plate Animal Genomic DNA Miniprep Kit
BS437	Bio Basic	5XPlates, 480prep	EUR 362.98

96-Well Plate Animal Genomic DNA Miniprep Kit
BS4372	Bio Basic	2XPlates, 192prep	EUR 195.5

96 Well Plate Yeast Genomic DNA Miniprep Kit
BS8357	Bio Basic	2XPlates, 192prep	EUR 195.5

96-Well Plate Plant Genomic DNA Miniprep Kit
BS8361	Bio Basic	2XPlates, 192prep	EUR 195.5

96 Well Plate Blood Genomic DNA Miniprep Kit
BT92031	Bio Basic	2Plates, 192prep	EUR 175.71

96 Well Plate Blood Genomic DNA Miniprep Kit
BT92032	Bio Basic	5Plates, 480prep	EUR 324.92

96-Well Plate Bacteria Genomic DNA Miniprep Kit
SK1292	Bio Basic	2XPlates, 192prep	EUR 175.71

96-Well Plate Bacteria Genomic DNA Miniprep Kit
SK1295	Bio Basic	5XPlates, 480prep	EUR 324.92

Polystyrene-bottomed 96-well plate + lid (ELISPOT)
CT365	U-CyTech	5	EUR 78

2 x Clear 96 well Plate, 2EA
X003-2EA	Arbor Assays	2EA	EUR 65

5 x Clear 96 well Plate, 5EA
X003-5EA	Arbor Assays	5EA	EUR 80

2 x Clear 96 well Plate, 2EA
X018-2EA	Arbor Assays	2EA	EUR 65

4 x Clear 96 Well Plate, 4EA
X018-4EA	Arbor Assays	4EA	EUR 87

Black Half Area 96 Well Plate, 1EA
X023-1EA	Arbor Assays	1EA	EUR 80

96-well Checkpoint Kinase Activity Assay Kit
STA-414	Cell Biolabs	96 assays	EUR 757
Description: Our 96-well Checkpoint Kinase Activity Assay Kit provides a non-isotopic, sensitive and specific method to monitor checkpoint kinase activity using its physiological substrate; it can also be used in screening checkpoint kinase inhibitors.

96-well Checkpoint Kinase Activity Assay Kit
STA-414-5	Cell Biolabs	5 x 96 assays	EUR 3060
Description: Our 96-well Checkpoint Kinase Activity Assay Kit provides a non-isotopic, sensitive and specific method to monitor checkpoint kinase activity using its physiological substrate; it can also be used in screening checkpoint kinase inhibitors.

96-Well Assay Plates, Non-Treated, Clear, Round Bottom 1 Plate/Pack, 100/Unit
25-224	Genesee Scientific	100 plates	EUR 299
Description: Suitable for cell culture but only for suspension cells Optically clear with low autofluorescence for distortion free microscopy Low evaporation lid reduces evaporation and prevents contamination Exterior stacking ring on lid for added stability when stacking Certified RNase & DNase-Free, Non-Pyrogenic & Non-Cytotoxic Sterilized by Gamma Irradiation to a Sterility Assurance Level of 10^-10

Radius 96-Well Cell Migration Assay
CBA-126	Cell Biolabs	96 assays	EUR 572
Description: The Radius Cell Migration Assay provides a unique alternative to conventional cell migration assays using the Boyden chamber. Unlike Boyden chamber assays which may only be analyzed at endpoint, the Radius assay uses a proprietary cell culture plate containing a carefully-defined biocompatible hydrogel (Radius gel) spot centralized at the bottom of each well. When cells are seeded in the well, they will attach everywhere except on the Radius gel, creating a cell-free zone. Following cell seeding the Radius gel is removed, allowing migratory cells to move across the area and close the gap.

Radius 96-Well Cell Migration Assay
CBA-126-5	Cell Biolabs	5 x 96 assays	EUR 2248
Description: The Radius Cell Migration Assay provides a unique alternative to conventional cell migration assays using the Boyden chamber. Unlike Boyden chamber assays which may only be analyzed at endpoint, the Radius assay uses a proprietary cell culture plate containing a carefully-defined biocompatible hydrogel (Radius gel) spot centralized at the bottom of each well. When cells are seeded in the well, they will attach everywhere except on the Radius gel, creating a cell-free zone. Following cell seeding the Radius gel is removed, allowing migratory cells to move across the area and close the gap.

CytoSelect 96-well Cell Transformation Assay
CBA-130	Cell Biolabs	96 assays	EUR 722
Description: Our CytoSelect 96-Well Cell Transformation Assay (Soft Agar Colony Formation) is suitable for measuring cell transformation where no downstream analysis is required. Cells are incubated in a semisolid agar medium for 7-8 days. The cells are then solubilized, lysed and detected using the included fluorescent dye in a fluorometric plate reader.

CytoSelect 96-well Cell Transformation Assay
CBA-130-5	Cell Biolabs	5 x 96 assays	EUR 2886
Description: Our CytoSelect 96-Well Cell Transformation Assay (Soft Agar Colony Formation) is suitable for measuring cell transformation where no downstream analysis is required. Cells are incubated in a semisolid agar medium for 7-8 days. The cells are then solubilized, lysed and detected using the included fluorescent dye in a fluorometric plate reader.

CytoSelect 96-well Phagocytosis Assay (Zymosan)
CBA-224	Cell Biolabs	96 assays	EUR 722
Description: Phagocytosis can be assayed by measuring the engulfment of a cell "substrate". However, traditional assays require tedious cell counting under a microscope. Our CytoSelect 96-Well Phagocytosis Assay, Zymosan Substrate provides a more accurate, user-friendly, high-throughput alternative to the standard phagocytosis assay. The assay may be adapted for use with 24-well or 48-well plates.

CytoSelect 96-well Phagocytosis Assay (Zymosan)
CBA-224-5	Cell Biolabs	5 x 96 assays	EUR 2938
Description: Phagocytosis can be assayed by measuring the engulfment of a cell "substrate". However, traditional assays require tedious cell counting under a microscope. Our CytoSelect 96-Well Phagocytosis Assay, Zymosan Substrate provides a more accurate, user-friendly, high-throughput alternative to the standard phagocytosis assay. The assay may be adapted for use with 24-well or 48-well plates.

OxiSelect 96-Well Comet Assay Slide
STA-356	Cell Biolabs	1 slide	EUR 183
Description: The OxiSelect Comet Assay Slides are useful as a screening tool for various types of DNA damage. Slides are specially treated for adhesion of low-melting agarose. Easily visualize results by epifluorescence microscopy.

OxiSelect 96-Well Comet Assay Slide
STA-356-5	Cell Biolabs	5 slides	EUR 519
Description: The OxiSelect Comet Assay Slides are useful as a screening tool for various types of DNA damage. Slides are specially treated for adhesion of low-melting agarose. Easily visualize results by epifluorescence microscopy.

1.2ML 96 WELL DEEP WELL PLATE HIGH CLARITY PRE-STERILIZED
P-DW-12-HC-S	CORNING	5/pk	EUR 207
Description: Deep Well/Assay Plates - Axygen; Deep-well plates - Axygen

96-Well Rack, Reversible, Blue
R577-B	Bio Basic	1 UNIT	EUR 54.05

SpotLiter? 96 well Plate Light Tracker (foot pedal & USB included)
ACT-SL-96	ACTGene		EUR 647

96-well Viral DNA/RNA Kit
K1417-1	Biovision		EUR 392

6 WELL BLUE PCR FULL SKIRT AMPLIFICATION PLATE.
PCR-96-FS-B	CORNING	10/pk	EUR 176
Description: PCR Plates & Tubes; A354 PCR Plate-Axygen

96 Well Plate Bacterial Total RNA Miniprep Super Kit
BS585	Bio Basic	5XPlates, 480prep	EUR 487.82

96 Well Plate Bacterial Total RNA Miniprep Super Kit
BS5852	Bio Basic	2XPlates, 192prep	EUR 250.31

Ultra-Fast 96-Well Plate Plasmid DNA Miniprep Kit
BS92028	Bio Basic	2XPlates, 192prep	EUR 212.25

Ultra-Fast 96-Well Plate Plasmid DNA Miniprep Kit
BS92029	Bio Basic	5XPlates, 480prep	EUR 364.5

PCR Master Mix, Ready To Load (96 well, 12x8 strip-well plate, lyophilized without loading dye)
MB1001-1-1plate96well12x8strips	BosterBio	1 plate (96 well, 12x8 strips)	EUR 143

PCR Master Mix, Ready To Load (96 well, 12x8 strip-well plate, lyophilized without loading dye)
MB1001-1-5plates96well12x8strips	BosterBio	5 plates (96 well, 12x8 strips)	EUR 375

Block for 96 well plate, WSC-2620/30
4002659	Atto	1unit	EUR 382
Description: Bl ock for WSC-2620 / 2630

PVDF membrane-bottomed 96-well plate + lid (ELISPOT)
CT366	U-CyTech	5	EUR 224

Custom Antibody titration by ELISA up to 2 rabbits and 1 bleed
ELISA-1	Alpha Diagnostics	1	EUR 202

96-Well PCR Tube Racks, Blue
R541-B	Bio Basic	1 UNIT	EUR 53.05

Goat anti-Mouse, 1 x Whole Well, Clear Coated 96 Well Plate, 1EA
X011-1EA	Arbor Assays	1EA	EUR 102

soluble collagen assay kit 96-assays
QZBcol1-1	Quickzyme	1 plate 96 assays	EUR 334

DNA-BIND™ PLATE, 96 WELL, CLEAR, FLAT 1/10
2525	CORNING	1/pk	EUR 137
Description: Genomics; Genomic Plates

Mouse anti-Endothelin-1 Clear Coated 96 Well Plate, 1EA
C161-1EA	Arbor Assays	1EA	EUR 178

CytoSelect 96-well Anoikis Assay (Colorimetric/Fluorometric)
CBA-081	Cell Biolabs	96 assays	EUR 606
Description: Adhesion to the extraceullular matrix is essential for the survival and propagation of many adherent cells. Apoptosis resulting from the loss of adhesion to the ECM is known as anoikis. Anoikis is involved in the physiological processes of tissue renewal and cell homeostasis. Our CytoSelect Anoikis Assays allow you to quantify and monitor anoikis in cells using a precoated plate. Live cells can be viewed under a microscope and quantified on a plate reader by MTT (colorimetric) or Calcein AM (fluorometric); both reagents are included in the kit. Dead cells are detected with the red EthD-1 reagent, also included.

96-Well Plate Plasmid DNA Mini-Preps Kit (Vacuum Based)
B814152-0002	Bio Basic	2XPlates, 2XPlates	EUR 155.16

96-Well Plate Plasmid DNA Mini-Preps Kit (Vacuum Based)
B814152-0005	Bio Basic	5XPlates, 5XPlates	EUR 250.31

Protein A-coated ELISA plate (8 well strips, 96 wells/plate) 5 plates/pack
PRTA55-5P	Alpha Diagnostics	1 PK	EUR 263

Protein G-coated ELISA plate (8 well strips, 96 wells/plate) 5 plates/pack
PRTG65-5P	Alpha Diagnostics	1 PK	EUR 263

Goat anti-Mouse, 1 x 8 Strip Well, Clear Coated 96 Well Plate, 1EA
X012-1EA	Arbor Assays	1EA	EUR 109

Adaptor for 96-well PCR plate, accessory for AgileSealer?
APS-200-96PCR	ACTGene		EUR 351

Block for 96 deep-well plate, WSC-2620/30
4002661	Atto	1unit	EUR 382
Description: Bl ock for WSC-2620 / 2630

COOLSINK XT 96U, 96 WELL U-BOTTOM PLATE MODULE
432071	CORNING	1/pk	EUR 345
Description: BioCision; BioCision CoolBox

SINGLE BLOCK, 96 WELL PCR PLATE, SKIRTED OR NONSKIRTED
480130	CORNING	1/pk	EUR 223
Description: Lab Equipment; Constant Temperature Equipment

DUAL BLOCK, 96 WELL MICROTITER PLATE OR 4 SLIDES
480131	CORNING	1/pk	EUR 218
Description: Lab Equipment; Constant Temperature Equipment

DUAL BLOCK, 96 WELL PCR PLATE, SKIRTED OR NONSKIRTED
480132	CORNING	1/pk	EUR 218
Description: Lab Equipment; Constant Temperature Equipment

96 Well PCR Plates, Fits ABI Fast Plate Machines
GP615	GenDepot	25 plates	EUR 212

Mouse anti-Osteopontin Clear Coated 96 Well Plate, 1EA
C075-1EA	Arbor Assays	1EA	EUR 178

Mouse anti-Prolactin Clear Coated 96 Well Plate, 1EA
C140-1EA	Arbor Assays	1EA	EUR 178

Mouse anti-Myeloperoxidase Clear Coated 96 Well Plate, 1EA
C223-1EA	Arbor Assays	1EA	EUR 178

Goat anti-Mouse, Coated White 96 Well Plate, 1EA
X010-1EA	Arbor Assays	1EA	EUR 109

Goat anti-Rabbit, Coated White 96 Well Plate, 1EA
X014-1EA	Arbor Assays	1EA	EUR 109

Goat anti-Rabbit, Coated Clear 96 Well Plate, 1EA
X016-1EA	Arbor Assays	1EA	EUR 109

A 66-year-old affected person with myelopathy underwent posterior cervical decompression and fusion, utilizing rhBMP-2 as a bone graft substitute. The affected person had full decision of signs after surgical procedure till day 6, when she skilled rising ache and weak spot. T2 magnetic resonance photographs revealed a excessive depth fluid assortment compressing the cervical wire posteriorly. Emergent decompression was carried out and the affected person improved till postoperative day 12 when the identical medical state of affairs occurred. Signs once more improved with surgical debridement. The clear, nonsanguineous fluid was despatched for a quantitative cytokine panel every time. The case is reviewed with particular reference to the evolving literature relating to rhBMP-2 use within the backbone, and the findings of seroma evaluation.